Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Theater - Essay Example Leo points out in chapter 40 that outstanding art (or â€Å"good art†) is blended in both lucid, coherent and understandable form while substandard art (or â€Å"bad art†) is muddled, inarticulate and illogical. Leo asserts that the degree of art incoherency depends on the range that distinct piece of art is confined to a particular group or class and, therefore, loses meaning or significance to individuals exterior to the confined group. I concur with this assertion since anything which includes touches on entire mankind needs a global wide approach to be universally accepted. In chapter 12 Leo proclaims that art can only be pertinent if it can be related to most humankind aspects. Leo asserts that devout ideas (or â€Å"thoughts†) are habitual to mankind, and therefore art can only be universal if it blends in this devout expression. In his point of view, Leo affirms that aesthetic aspects ought to be both devout and ethical. Leo ends up concluding that the chief objective of art ought to be denoted as per his personal ethical standpoint. I do not concur with this assertion since Leo dogmatized this aesthetic approach that it could only be defined according to his approach. A script can be compared to a podium, platform or pulpit upon which a performance is unfolded to an audience. It can also be compared to a sailor’s compass which navigates and subdues the path the sail trails on. A script can also be compared to a barometer device since it reflects how the entire drama or play will unfold. A script can also be compared to a Childs’ tabula rasa which is akin to a blank sheet of paper ready to be modelled by unlived circumstances and occurrences. A script is simply a draft of the play or drama. Apparently, it doesn’t include the motif’s (or theme) of the play. It does not include distinct characters and their roles. It also does not include key aspects such as musical rhythm or specific rhythm at specific

Position of women in 16 and 17 century Essay Example for Free

Position of women in 16 and 17 century Essay Women were challenged with expressing themselves in a patriarchal system that generally refused to grant merit to womens views. Cultural and political events during these centuries increased attention to womens issues such as education reform. Though modern feminism was non-existent. The social structure women limited opportunities for involvement; they served largely as managers of their households. Women were expected to focus on practical domestic pursuits and activities that encouraged the betterment of their families, and more particularly, their husbands. Education for women was not supported—harmful to the traditional female virtues of innocence and morality. Women who spoke out against the patriarchal system of gender roles, or any injustice, ran the risk of being exiled from their communities, or worse; vocal unmarried women in particular were the targets of witch-hunts. The seventeenth century women continued to play a significant, though not acknowledged, role in economic and political structures through their primarily domestic activities.They often acted as counselors in the home, tempering their husbands words and actions. Women were discouraged from directly expressing political views counter to their husbands or to broadly condemn established systems; nevertheless, many women were able to make public their private views through the veil of personal, religious writings. Marriage: The seventeenth century represents a fascinating period of English history, drawing the attention of whole generations of historians. This turbulent age saw three major events that had a deep impact on England’ s political as well as social life—the English Revolution, the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Amidst the turmoil of the events, people’s everyday lives unfolded. While it was men’s preoccupation to keep the country’s political and economic affairs going, women had an indispensable, though far less public, part to play. This paper aims at providing an outline of the seventeenth-century English marriage, viewed from the woman’s perspective. It touches upon topics such as concluding marriages, basic marriage values, duties of a married woman and possibilities of divorce. Attention is paid to the areas in which the  seventeenth-century reality was different from today’s. In seventeenth-century England, marriage and sexual morals played a far more important social role than nowadays. A family centred around a married couple represented the basic social, economic and political unit. In the Stuart period, a husband’s â€Å"rule† over his wife, children and servants was seen as an analogy to the king’s reign over his people—a manifestation of a hierarchy constituted by God. A woman was regarded as the ‘weaker vessel’ (a phrase taken from the New Testament)—a creature physically, intellectually, morally and even spiritually inferior to a man; therefore, the man had a right to dominate her (Fraser 1981: 1). In a society strongly influenced by Puritan values, sexual integrity and the status of a married person gave a woman respectability and social prestige. This, together with the fact that it was very difficult for women to find ways of making an independent living, meant that securing a husband was a matter of great importance. Theoretically, it was possible for two people to marry very young. The minimum legal age was 12 years for women and 14 years for men. In addition, it was possible for the couple to get engaged at the age of 7, with the right to break off the engagement on reaching the minimum age of consent (Stone 1965: 652). However, early marriages were rather rare—the average age of the newlyweds was about 25 years. Interestingly, the basic requirement for a legally valid marriage was not a formal consecration in a church, but the completion of a marriage contract, commonly called ‘spousals’. Spousals were an act in which the bride and groom said their vows in the present tense—‘per verba de prasenti’ (Ingram 1987: 126). In a majority of cases, this procedure was accompanied by a church ceremony (banns). Yet if the marriage was concluded without witnesses and not consecrated in a church, it had the same legal validity. This practice had existed in England since the twelfth century and lasted till 1753. Not having to go through a church ceremony made it possible for lovers to marry secretly, without the knowledge of their parents. In this way, they could escape the dynastic scheming of their families.

Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Work Performance

Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Work Performance INTRODUCTION Nowadays, in this world of rapid change, organizations always want to compete so as to achieve a high level of productivity and to be at the top. The companies will need performing employees to uplift the organization. Air Mauritius is a big travelling organization where there are highly competitive works environments in every department. Employees need to do their maximum efforts for the company benefits. Job performance is an important factor which needs to be considered in an organization. Job performance is related to workers tasks and the progress of the organization. There are many factors that influence a company such as leadership, abilities and competencies, misunderstandings between executives, cultures and values. Years ago, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was vital in both private and public sectors. Despite all qualifications, diplomas, and degrees holders being employed in their particular field, work performance was not well structured and not always successful as executives could not cope with high pressure and stress, so workers are not able to attain high level of maintenance. Therefore, to alleviate this situation, Emotional Intelligence became the crucial point of view in organizations as EI will help workers to manage stress, control self emotions and pressures, to keep a positive spirit and to ensure a good performance even while facing work complications. Organization frequently used Intelligence Quotient (IQ) to recruit people depending on their qualifications related to the post available. However, to cope with this problem that many companies are passing through, Emotional Quotient (EQ) is the only solution to the situation and is of utmost importance to an organization to succeed. Emotional Intelligence (EI), the capabilities involving identification and the control of emotions in one-self and others, using this information to guide one’s thinking and behavior (Giardini Frese, 2008; Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, 2008). Emotional Intelligence (EI) is an ability to know our own and others feeling for inciting our self and for dealing with own emotions, both internal and external (Daniel Goleman, 1995). The research is being done on Air Mauritius Company employees. PROBLEM STATEMENT Air Mauritius uses IQ for hiring process, based on candidate’s qualifications. Employees are having problems such as health, financial and are bored with their specific task leading to absences. This is so, as a lot of pressures are being exerted on employees like stress, team pressure, misunderstanding between colleagues, no profit in the company, bad communication skills and sharing among executives and also the manager. However, to overcome obstacles of competitiveness, EI is the best solution to adopt in favor of both the employees and the organization. The managers and executives, who can alter their emotions in an efficient way, are more successful on job. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This research aims at recognizing and evaluating the effects of Emotional Intelligence on work performance of employees at Air Mauritius organization. Thus, objectives of this current study links between EI and performance at work field. In order to achieve high level of competencies which result an incline in accomplishments of the organization, executives will have to develop and explore EI. Research Objectives To understand the level of EI of the managers and employees behaviors. To analyze how Emotional Intelligence affect work performance. To assess whether introducing EI enhance work performance. Research Questions Which emotions are important for growth of work performance? Does Emotional Intelligence bring a change in the executive behaviors? To what extent does EI affect work performance? To identify problems in work performance? RATIONALE OF STUDY Upon completing this research, a clearer understanding of EI on work performance of executives was detected. Understanding how various aspects impact performance and organization survival could help in revolutionizing the ways of performing at work place for better results. Another effect of this quest will be how to promote more reliability of executives, like incentives to encourage employees, team works and shift works to know how each work and colleagues are important in the company, for them to meet their own goals and for the organization success. LITERATURE REVIEW (Goleman, 1998) made a bodywork of Emotional Intelligence (EI) that mirrors how a persons capacity for understanding the skills of self-awareness, self-management are personal competence, social-awareness and relationship management are social adept related to work success. Firstly, the main point is emotional self-awareness, which constitute of self-awareness, accurate self-assessment and self-confident. Therefore, it is understand that knowing one’s internal states, preferences, resources and intuitions is important. (Mayer Geher, 1996) stated that EI (Emotional Intelligence) differs from IQ (Intelligence Quotient). John Mayer (for illustration, Mayer Stevens, 1994) uses the term of different moods, the affective analogue of meta-cognition for key aspect of Emotional awareness. The second factor of EI, self-management, that holds Emotional self-control, transparency, adaptability and achievement orientation. The means of this factor is the ability to manage oneself anxiety , anger and to manipulate internal states and resources. It can also help to inhibit emotional impulsivity. Thirdly, another element of Emotional Intelligence is social-awareness, including apprehension of others’ feelings, concerns and needs. It encloses the competency of empathy involving the amygdala. The amygdala is a part of the limbic system found deep in the brain’s temporal lobe. Studies of patients with discrete injuries to the amygdala manifest deterioration to read non-verbal cues for negative emotions, especially to fear and anger, and in judging the honesty of people (Davidson et al., 2000). Lastly, the fourth EI component produces a complex image, or skillful at inducing desirable responses in others, are the relationship management and social skill adept. In an intrinsic sense, the success of our relationship depends on our capability to adjust ourselves or to influence emotions of another person. This feature, encompasses developing others, inspirationa l leadership, influence, conflict management, teamwork and collaboration. Furthermore, (Mayer Salovey, 1997) showed that Emotional Intelligence consists of four distinct features: 1) Evaluation and expression of emotion in the self. 2) Evaluation and recognition of emotion in others. 3) Control of emotion in oneself. 4) Use of emotion to ease performance. (Bar-On, 1997) conceptualized Emotional Intelligence as a non-cognitive ability; including five vast skill areas that help an individual to become more productive to tackle with environmental demands and pressures, these are Intrapersonal skills, Interpersonal skills, Adaptability, Stress management and General mood. Intrapersonal skills are related to pinpoint, understand and self-expression. Interpersonal skills are to be aware of, to understand and relate to others. Adaptability is related to strong emotions and be able to control one-self. Stress management is related to control stress of confrontation to different situations. General mood is related to adapt to changes and to elucidate problems of personal or social nature. Emotional Quotient (EQ), has four abilities suggested by (Davies et al., 1998) such as self emotional evaluation, others’ emotional evaluation, regulation and use of emotion. (Salovey et al., 2000) have claimed that EI elements are in relationship to a number of coping processes, like thoughts, social support networks and the disclosure of trauma. (Wong Law, 2002) have argued that EI consists of four aspects: use of emotion, others’ emotional appraisal, self-emotion appraisal and regulation of emotion. Cote Miners (2006), separated EI into emotion perception, emotion utilization, emotion understanding and emotion control. Goleman (2006), revealed that EI concerns the ability of an individual to maintain enthusiasm, self-control, self-encouragement and persistence, as stated in five major facets: Knowing your emotions, managing your emotions, motivate yourself, recogni zing and understanding others’ emotions and handling relationships. Nowadays, Interpersonal interaction is required in organization. The majority of these interactions, are linked to work performance. (Savoie Brunet, 2000), proposed that group performance appraisal should consist a minimum of four different components: Team experience quality, that is, the level upon which team know-how contributes to well-being and personal growth of the group member. Team output, which relies on aim, calculable and quantifiable performance criteria, for example, number of mistakes, percentage of technical act to meet safety and hygiene standards. Team viability, that is, the ability of the group to function as a unit. Group legitimacy, which relates to the assessment of the teams efficacy through external persons having close ties with it (Manager, clients, suppliers). (Forgas, 1995; Schwarz, 1990) argued that emotions can affect thoughts processes by boosting different data processing strategies. To illustrate, (Schwarz, 1990) heuristic processing is produced by positive emotions, and might be helpful for innovative tasks (Isen et al., 1987) and short-term memory task (Gray, 2004), whereas negative emotions promote deeper processing (Bless et al., 1990; Schwarz, 1990) and better spatial work performance (Gray, 2004). Emotion and cognition can be included to have an effect on performance on a range of jobs (Gray, 2004). (Austin, 2004) analyzed the relationships between trait EI and work, involving the identification of facial expressions of emotion. Moreover, two facial appearance recognition tasks using the inspection time (IT) model appraisal speed of emotional data processing and results display that general emotion-processing capability contributes to performance on works. Furthermore, (Quoidbach Hansenne, 2009), investigated the bond among EI , performance and cohesiveness in 23 nursing teams. Outcomes proved, EI provided an interesting innovated way of improving nursing groups’ cohesion and patient. Among psychologists, EI is anticipated as a vital predictor of organizational outcomes including task satisfactory (Daus Ashkanasy, 2005; Van Rooy Viswesvaran, 2004). Kafetsios Zampetakis (2008), tested the extent to which positive and negative influence EI on work fulfillment. Data records showed that positive and negative affect at work substantially mediate the link among EI and work satisfaction positively affect exerting strong influence. In addition, Lyons Schneider (2005), assessed the coherence of ability based EI facets with performance under stress. They predicted high levels of EI would foster challenge evaluations and better performance, but they also found low EI levels would promote threat appraisals and poor performance. Concentrating on Emotional Intelligence (EI) as an utmost factor associated to performance, with current researchers’ reviews a number of studies of drivers of organization performance. Numerous research have detected that EI is related with a number of positive results in the workplace which are affecting components such as leadership (Scott-Halsell et al., 2008), (Bar-On et al., 2000; Mikolajczak et al., 2007) resistance to stress, work attitude (Carmeli, 2003), (Kafetsios Zampetakis, 2008; Law et al., 2008; Wong Law, 2002) job satisfaction and performance, (Zhou George, 2003) employees inventiveness and career achievement (Dulewitz Higgs, 1999). In recent years, many researches have been carried out and researches argued that Intelligent Quotient is not the main Emotional Intelligence (EI) that led to outstanding accomplishment at task. Moreover, researchers found that EI has an affirmative and important relation with performance (Goleman, 1998; Mount, 2006). (Patnaik e t al., 2010) explored the coherence between EI and work performance of executives of the Cooperative bank of Gramya Banks in Odisha. Their investigation exposed high EQ is mandatory for better work performance. Nevertheless, high EQ cannot be the only necessity for performance improvement on the task. In addition, (Usman, 2011) analyzed the relationship among employees’ EI and their performance in Pakistan. The outcomes showed quite high connection between EI and organizational citizenship behavior and employees work performance might be estimated significantly based on their EI scores. HYPOTHESIS Focusing on these literature reviews, a deduction can be drawn that it exist a relationship between EI and job performance of employees in an organization or company. At the same time, Emotional Intelligence (EI), may promote the manager performance in work and increases organizational achievement. METHODOLOGY The universe for this research will be assessed on different sectors in the Air Mauritius Company. It is to be noted that information will be collected, through a questionnaire filled by both gender participants. The survey will target directors, managers, and employees. First of all, a group of 20 employees including both 9 males and 11 females are selected at random. A pilot test questionnaire will be distributed and collected after one hour from the 20 employees. This is to have an idea if the employees are understanding the written questions clearly and able to answer. If some of the randomly selected executives are having trouble in filling the questionnaire, modification need to done in the survey like to alter the structures making question easier. The question papers, will not contain questions that influence the employees to answer against their will. The new questionnaire that is more reliable will be scattered to a number of 100 employees consisting of 45 males and 55 females through stratified random sample. Incomplete questionnaires will be rejected as there due to lack of informations. In this study, job performance is dependent variable and EI is independent variable. In order to appraise the EI of the sample, Emotional Intelligence scale constructed by (Schutte et al., 1998) is used. The apparatus holds 33 items using a 5-point Likert scale, in which 1 represents ‘strongly disagree’ and 5 ‘strongly agree’. The totality scoring mark may be in the interval 33 to 165 and the high scores point out employees’ higher aptitude to identify and cope with emotions. The stuffs of the scale are directly proportional to the theory of EI. It takes into account alertness, emotional stability, integrity, enthusiasm, empathy, value-orientation, managing relations, self-development, commitment and altruistic manner. Finally, this measure is chosen because it is readily accessible and usually used. 1

Which side are you on? Essay -- Analysis, Andrew Kydd

The journal article "Which side are you on? Bias, credibility and mediation" written by Andrew Kydd (2003) queried the significance of mediator’s impartiality. In the field of international relations, merely the study by Kydd (2003) has directly attributed mediator effectiveness to the provision of private information. The study is based on a game theo-retical model of mediation and draws on the theory of ‘cheap talk’ , which has its origin in economic science. There are two key findings of the study. Firstly, the study analytically pinpoints that mediators with accession to private information can, under certain condi-tions, help decrease the probability of war. Secondly, the author analyzes the effects of third-party bias. The analysis comes to the vague conclusion that â€Å"only a mediator who is effectively ‘on your side’ will be believed† (Kydd 2003: 598). For scientists a certain de-gree of bias is not merely acceptable but is in fact ob ligatory for some roles that media-tors play. Moreover, it points up this result for a role, information provision, that a number of scholars have claimed correctly belong to neutral weaker mediators rather than po-werful, and possibly even biased, mediators. (cf. ibid.: 608). With regard to the scope of Kydd’s model, I have to mention that the model makes no particular assumption about whether the two conflicting sides are recently at peace and trying to prevent a war or are negotiating the end of a continuing conflict. The main assumption behind the model is that the success of bargaining causes a decrease in the expected level of cost for both sides from fighting compared to what would have happened if the negotiations had been unsuccessful. The author assumes two main is-sues concerning med... ...oint and this emerged as crucial for truth telling in the trust-building context. An interior ideal point creates the possibility that the mediator can be seen in a sense as biased toward both sides. This means that the mediator shares with both of them a preference that they not be exploited. (cf. Kydd 2006: 457) In conclusion while taking Kydd’s model from 2003 into consideration, it is possible to argue that the neutral mediators, which have not supported any of the adversaries in direct manner, involve themselves for the reason that they want to end the conflict. Humanitarian, altruistic and political (reputation and image) issues may be key reasons for this interest. In this context, Kydd states that the neutral mediators suffer costs if war maintains. Nevertheless, they have no particular preferences over the result of the dis-pute. (cf. Svensson 2009: 448)

Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography

Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 DESIGN OF A NEW SECURITY PROTOCOL USING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS S. Subasree and N. K. Sakthivel School of Computing, Sastra University, Thanjavur – 613401, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. ABSTRACT A Computer Network is an interconnected group of autono mous computing nodes, which use a well defined, mutually agreed set of rules and conventions known as protocols, interact with one -another meaningfully and allow resource sharing preferably in a predictable and controllable manner.Communication has a majo r impact on today? s business. It is desired to communicate data with high security. Security Attacks compromises the security and hence various Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to achieve the security services such as Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Non-Repudiation and Availability. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high s ecurity to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity.To improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new security protocol for on line transaction can be designed using combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides three cryptographic pr imitives such as integrity, confidentiality and authentication. These three primitives can be achieved with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual -RSA algorithm and Message Digest MD5. That is it uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography for encryption, Dual -RSA algorithm for authentication and MD-5 for integrity.This new security protocol has been designed for better security with integrity using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Keywords: Network Security, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual-RSA, Message Digest-5. 1. INTRODUCTION Curiosity is one of the most common human traits, matche d by the wish to conceal private information. Spies and the military all resort to information hiding to pass messages securely, sometimes deliberately including misleading information [12]. Steganography, a mechanism for hiding information in apparently innocent pictures, may be used on its own or with other methods.Encryption fundamentally consists of scrambling a message so that its contents are not readily accessible while decryption is the reversing of that process[14]. These processes depend on particular algorithms, known as ciphers. Suitably scrambled text is known as cipher text while the original is, not surprising ly, plain text. Readability is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for something to be plain text. The original might well not make any obvious sense when read, as would be the case, for example, if something already encrypted were being further encrypted.It's also quite possible to construct a mechanism whose output is readable text but which actually bears no relationship to the unencrypted original. A key is used in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt or decrypt text. The key might appear meaningful, as would be the case with a character string used as a password, but this transformation is irrelevant, the functionality of a key lies in its being a string of bits determining the mapping of the plain text to the cipher text. 1. 1 Why we need cryptography?Protecting access to information for reasons of security is still a major reason for using cryptography. However, it's also increasingly used for identification of individuals, for authentication and for non -repudiation. This is particularly important with the growth of the Internet, global trading and other activities[12]. The identity of e -mail and Web users is trivially easy to conceal or to forge, and secure authentication can give those interacting remotely confidence that they're dealing with the right person and that a message hasn't been forged or changed.In commercia l situations, non-repudiation [12] is an important concept ensuring that if, say, a contract has been agreed upon one party can't then renege by claiming that they didn't actually agree or did so at some different time when, perhaps, a price was higher or lower. Digital signatures and digital timestamps are used in such situations, often in conjunction with other mechanisms such as message digests and digital certificates. 95 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010The range of uses for cryptography and related techniques is considerable and growing steadily. Passwords are common but the protection they offer is often illusory, perhaps because security policies within many organizations aren't well thought out and their use causes more problems and inconvenience than seems worth it[14,15]. In many cases where passwords are used, for example in protecting word processed documents, the ciphers used are extremely lightweight and can be attac ked without difficulty using one of a range of freely available cracking programs. 2.TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 2. 1. Elliptic Curve Encryption When using elliptic curves in cryptography[11], we use various properties of the points on the curve , and functions on them as well. Thus, one common task to complete when using elliptic curves as an encryption tool is to find a way to turn information m into a point P on a curve E. We assume the information m is already written as a number. There are many ways to do this, as simple as setting the letters a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, . . . or there are other methods, such as ASCII, which accomplish the same task.Now, if we have E : y2 = x3 + Ax + B (mod p), a curve in Weierstrass form, we want to let m = x. But, this will only work if m3 + Am + B is a square modulo p. Since only half of the numbers modulo p are squares, we only have about a 50% chance of this occurring. Thus, we will try to embed the information m into a value that is a squa re. Pick some K such that 1/2K is an acceptable failure rate for embedding the information into a point on the curve. Also, make sure that (m + 1)K ; p. Let xj = mK + j for j = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,K ? 1 Compute x 3j + Axj + B.Calculate its square root yj (mod p), if possible. If there is a square root, we let our point on E representing m be P m = (xj , yj) If there is no square root, try the next value of j[4,5]. So, for each value of j we have a probability of about 1/2 that xj is a square modulo p. Thus, the probability that no xj is a square is about 1/2K, which was the acceptable failure rate[6]. In most common applications, there are many real-life problems that may occur to damage an attempt at sending a message, like computer or electricity failure.Since people accept a certain 16 amount of failure due to uncontrollable phenomenon, it makes sense that they could agree on an acceptable rate of failure for a controllable feature of the process. Though we will not use this specific process in our algorithms[10]. 2. 2. Dual RSA In practice, the RSA decryption computations are performed in p and q and then combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain the desired solution in ? N, instead of directly computing the exponentiation in ? N. This decreases the computational costs of decryption In two ways.First, computations in ? p and ? q are more efficient than the same computations in ? N since the elements are much smaller. Second, from Lagrange? s Theorem, we can replace the private exponent d with dp = d mod (p – 1) for the computation in ? p and with dq = d mod (q – 1) for the computation in ? p, which reduce the cost for each exponentiation when d is larger than the primes. It is common to refer to dp and dq as the CRT -exponents. The first method to use the CRT for decryption was proposed by Quisquater and Couvreur [7,8].Since the method requires knowledge of p and q, the key generation algorithm needs to be modified to output the private key (d, p, q) instead of (d,N). Given the pri vate key (d, p,q) and a valid ciphertext C ? ? N, the CRTdecryption algorithm is as follows: 1) Compute Cp = Cdp mod p. 2) Compute Cq = Cdq mod q. 3) Compute M0 = (Cq – Cp) . p-1 mod q. 4) Compute the plaintext M = Cp + M0 . p. This version of CRT-decryption is simply Garner? s Algorithm for the Chinese Remainder Theorem applied to RSA.If the key generation algorithm is further modified to output the private key (dp, dq, p, q, p -1 mod q), the computational cost of CRT-decryption is dominated by the modular exponentiations in steps 1) and 2) of the algorithm. When the primes p and q are roughly the same size (i. e. , half the size of the modulus), the computational cost for decryption using CRT -decryption (without parallelism) is theoretically 1/4 the cost for decryption using the original method[7]. Using RSA-Small-e along with CRT-decryption allows for extremely fast encryption and decryption that is at most four times faster than standard RSA. 96IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 2. 3 MD5 Algorithm MD5[2] consists of 64 of these operations, grouped in four rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function; one function is used in each round. Mi denotes a 32 -bit block of the message input, and Ki denotes a 32 -bit constant, different for each operation. s is a shift value, which also varies for each operation[1]. MD5 processes a variable length message into a fixed -length output of 128 bits. The input message is broken up into chunks of 512-bit blocks; the message is padded so that its length is divisible by 512.The padding works as follows: first a single bit, 1, is appended to the end of the message. This is followed by as many zeros as are required to bring the length of the message up to 64 bits less than a multiple of 512. The re maining bits are filled up with a 64-bit integer representing the length of the original message[9]. The main M D5 algorithm operates on a 128 -bit state, divided into four 32-bit words, denoted A, B, C and D. These are initialized to certain fixed constants. The main algorithm then operates on each 512 -bit message block in turn, each block modifying the state.The processing of a message block consists of four similar stages, termed rounds; each round is composed of 16 similar operations based on a non -linear function F, modular addition, and left rotation. Many message digest functions have been proposed and are in use today. Here are just a few like HMAC, MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA-1. Here, we concentrate on MD5, one of the widely used digest functions. 3. HYBRID SECURITY PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE It is desired to communicate data with high security. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks.These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Figure 1 : Hybrid Protocol Architecture As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve both the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. The above discussed three primitives can be achieved with the help of this Security Protocol Architecture.The Architecture is as shown in the Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve bo th the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. 97 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The new Security Protocol has been designed for better security. It is a combination of both the Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptog raphic Techniques.It provides the Cryptographic Primitives such as Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication. The given plain text can be encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECC and the derived cipher text can be communicated to the destination through any secured channel. Simultaneously, the Hash value is calculated through MD5 for the same plain text, which already has been converted into the cipher text by ECC. This Hash value has been encrypted with Dual RSA and the encrypted message of this Hash value also sent to destination. The intruders may try to hack the original information from the encrypted messages.He may be trapped both the encrypted messages of plain text and the hash value and he will try to decrypt these messages to get original one. He might be get the hash value and it is impossible to extract the plain text from the cipher text, because, the hash value is encrypted with Dual RSA and the plain text is encrypted with ECC. Hence, the messag e can be communicated to the destination with highly secured manner. The new hash value is calculated with MD5 for the received originals messages and then it is compared with decrypted hash message for its integrity.By which, we can ensure that either the origi nal text being altered or not in the communication medium. This is the primitive feature of this hybrid protocol. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. 1 Comparison of RSA and Dual RSA 1) The Public Key Algorithms, RSA and Dual-RSA have been implemented in VC++ and we got the following results. As shown in the Figure 2, the original message for communication is stored in MyFile. txt and its size is 547 Bytes, which is shown in the report file. Figure 2 : Input File MyFile. txt Figure 3 shows that the project main menu, which consists of various features. They are i. RSA Encryption, ii.RSA Decryption, iii. Dual RSA Encryption, iv. Dual RSA Decryption, and v. Graph, which is used to compare the computational costs of both the RSA and D ual -RSA Figure 4 shows that RSA Encryption and Figure 5 shows that Dual RSA encryption. From the figure 6 it is clear that the RSA take one block at a time for encryption and decryption at a time. But the dual RSA take more time for encryption of two block at a time, but it take less time for decryption of two blocks. So, the RSA encryption and decryption time is greater than Dual RSA because Dual RSA perform the encryption and decryption operation for two blocks. 8 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 3 : Process of RSA and Dual RSA Encryption/Decryption Figure 4 : RSA Encryption 99 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 5 : Dual – RSA Encryption 5. 2 Performance analysis of RSA and Dual RSA Figure 6 : RSA vs Dual RSA 100 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 7 : Computational costs of RSA vs Dual RSA Figure 6 s hows that the Perfor mance Analysis of RSA vs Dual RSA.From this figure, it is clear that the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual -RSA is less than that of ordinary RSA. From the Figure 7, it is observed that the total computation time for Encrypt ion and Decryption of RSA is 4314ms as compared with the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual – RSA is 3203ms for the file size 547 Bytes. From the analysis it is clear that Dual RSA is better than RSA algorithm. So, for authentic ation we are going to use Dual RSA. Dual RSA take two block for encryption and decryption simultaneously. . 3 Results of Hybrid protocol Architecture Here, we are using three different mode of operation. The sender, Receiver and Intruder. We have t o select the mode and process the information. The following figure represent the three different mode. Figure 8 : Mode selection If the mode is the sender, then we have to provide the key val ue and messages in t he specified location. Figure 9 : Sender Mode 101 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 10 shows that the Receiver received the sender message with the key.From the figure, it is noted that, the intruder also received the key and not the message. Because, the message is encrypted with ECC and key is encrypted by using Dual RSA. And also noted that, the intruder derived different key for decryption, which is equivalent to the original key. Even though the intruder got the key he cannot able to get the orig inal message because of Dual RSA. Because of Dual RSA we got two advantages one is the message cannot be decrypted and time required to perform the encryption and decryption operation less compare to RSA because Dual RSA perform encryption and decryption by two block at a time.The new Public Key Cryptographic algorithm, Dual – RSA has been developed for better performance in terms of computation costs and memory storage requirements. It is also called RSA -CRT, because it is used Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT for its Decryption. From the output, it is noted that Dual -RSA improved the performance of RSA in terms of computation cost and memory storage requirements. It achieves parallelism. The CRT Decryption is achieved roughly ? times faster than original RSA. Figure 10 : Secured communication of Hybrid Protocol 102 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ?Design of a New Security Protocol 6. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"An attack on the last two rounds of MD4†, Advances in Cryptology, Crypto ? 05, pages 194-203, Springer-Verlag, 2005. B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"Collisions for the compression function of MD5†, Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt „07, pages 293-304, Springer-Verlag, 2007. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small CRTexponent in Pub lic Key Cryptography†, PKC 2006, vol ume 3968 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 1 –13. Springer-Verlag, 2006. D. Bleichenbacher and A.May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small secret CRT -exponents,† in Public Key Cryptology—PKC 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3958, pp. 1–13. D. Boneh and G. Durfee, â€Å"Cryptanalysis of RSA with private key d less than N ,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, Jul. 2000. E. Jochemsz and A. May, â€Å"A polynomial time attack on standard RSA with private CRT -exponents†, 2007. Hung-Min Sun, and et al. , â€Å"Dual RSA and its Security Analysis†, IEEE Tra nsaction on Information Theory,Aug 2007, pp 2922 – 2933,2007 [8] H. -M. Sun, M. J.Hinek, and M. -E. Wu, On the design of Rebalanced-RSA, revised version of [37] Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, Technical Report CACR 2005 -35, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www. cacr. math. uwaterloo. ca/te chreports/2005/cacr2005 -35. pdf [9] H. Dobbertin, â€Å"The Status of MD5 after a Recent Attack†, CryptoBytes, 2(2): 1-6, 2007. [10] M. J. Hinek, â€Å"Another look at small RSA exponents,† in Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, D. Pointcheval, Ed. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3860, pp. 82 –98. [11] N. Gura, A. Patel, A. Wander, H. Eberle, and S.C. Shantz, â€Å"Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs†. Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 2004), 6th International Workshop, pages 119 –132, 2004. [12] Ravindra Kumar Chahar and et. al. , â€Å" Design of a new Security Protocol†, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, pp 132 – 134, 2007 [13] Ramaraj, E and Karthikeyan, S, â€Å" A Design of Enhanced Security Protocol for Wireless Communication using Hybrid Encryption Technique, Indian Jo urnal of Computing Technology, pp 22 -29, May, 2006. 14] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA†, 2005. Updated ACISP 2005. version of [15] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA,† in Proc. Inf. Security and Privacy, 10th Australasian Conf. , ACISP 2005, C. Boyd and J. M. G. Nieto, Eds. , 2005, vol. 3574, pp. 280 – 292, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. BIOGRAPHY Dr. S Subasree got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she done her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1995 and M. hil from Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univeristy in 2001. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2006 and 2009 respectively. She got 13 years teaching experience. Now she will be serving as a Senior Assistant Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 15 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her rese arch area includes Network Security, High Performance Soft Computing Techniques, Communication Network, and B iometric Cryptography. Dr. N K Sakthivel got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she one her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1994 and M. phil from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 2000. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2004 and 2009 respectively. She got 15 years teaching experience. Now She will be serving as a Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 18 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes High Speed Communication Networks, Network Security, High Performance Computing, and Biometric Cryptography. 103

Language and Communication Essay

Communication has no specific description but main essence of it revolves around conveyance, exchanging, giving or sharing of ideas & information. Communication can be both verbal and nonverbal. Communication takes place all around us in school, colleges, homes, markets and most importantly businesses. Businesses use communication in Public Relations (PR) to maintain image of company toward public, organizations, and programs and to gather employees, customers, investors or even general public. For effective communication, message should be clearly conveyed and interpreted by both parties. Our communication, perception and interaction can greatly be effected by noise, which is a barrier in communication. Literal meaning of noise is not what is meant here. Noise can be anything that effect communication in one way or another. 3. Some people are better at communication for several of reasons. They convey their message easily because they are extremely good listeners and to be a good communicator first key is effective listening. They are patient listeners and try to read between the lines of the communication. This makes their grip on the subject matter very sound. This in turns helps them to communicate effectively. Along with effective listening, they have good presentation skills and have ability to make sure that each word is understood by the audience. They have clear vision of the message to be conveyed and are well prepared for it. Simplicity in conveyance also makes them better communicators. All of this comes down to effective listening for effective communication. 4. Yes, I somewhat agree to this. The advancement in IT and other technological advancements in internet usage have proved beneficial for companies to advertise on internet. This trend is increasing rapidly and with the creation of facebook, skype, twitter, other social networking sites and many other web platforms has made companies go for internet advertising more. People of almost all age groups have now easy access and availability of internet. So this mode of communication is becoming more important for organizations and will continue in future. But nevertheless, newspaper has always been more accessible and easy to carry source of information. Newspaper will lose some of its significance but this mode of advertising can not be ignored by organizations.

The Globalisation Issue In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays

The Globalisation Issue In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays The Globalisation Issue In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay The Globalisation Issue In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Globalization is a cardinal issueA for theA cordial reception industry. Identify and review up to three impacts ofA globalization on the cordial reception industry and discuss schemes that hotel companies may implement to turn to globalization. AbstractA Globalisation is going increasing of import these old ages in international hotel industry. In this essay, a literature reappraisal has been conducted to place 3 impacts ofA globalization on the cordial reception industry. When hotels flag their belongingss in a new state, they must place their merchandises and services in order to accommodate the civilization traditions of that state. Thinking planetary and moving local ( glocal ) is critical scheme for no affair large or little hotel companies. Besides the glocal scheme, distinction scheme is besides utile for hotel companies to go competitory in the planetary environment. Hall ( 1997 ) indicates that globalisation has become a cardinal construct in concern, economic and political activities since 1990s. The cordial reception industry is frequently regarded as one of the most global in the service industry ( Litteljohn, 1997 ) . Nowadays, more and more people are going around the universe, when they are far from their place they need a topographic point to remain, a bed to kip, nutrient to eat. They might stop up taking hotels. This is where the cordial reception industry comes into drama ( Frink, 2009 ) ; this is why hotels are everyplace. Due to the fast addition of touristry and concern activities around the Earth, in every corner of the universe, there must be hotels such as Hilton, Marriot, and Westin. Go amp ; Pine ( 1995 ) province that the cordial reception industry is a subsector of the travel and touristry sector, and one of the most quickly spread outing Fieldss in the service sector. This article is traveling to place and reexamine 3 impa cts of globalization on the cordial reception industry. And discuss schemes that hotel companies may implement including standardization and localization of function schemes and distinction schemes when they enter into the globalization. Frink ( 2009 ) described globalization as the procedure of companies developing their concern or operations overseas. It has several impacts on the cordial reception industry. First of wholly, it forces hotel companies to take best locations all over the universe to spread out their belongingss. Location is indispensable to a hotel, no affair whose mark market is concern travellers or tourers. Johnson A ; Vanetti ( 2005 ) province that the size and nature of the topographic point in which the hotel is located are seen to be the most of import factor for large or little ironss. The celebrated touristry finishs and CBD of a metropolis are the best pick for hotel groups to develop their belongingss. However, when those countries are non in their ain state, or when they want to flag their hotels every bit many as possible, hotels have to globalize. There is a good illustration of how a good location can profit a hotel s concern. Hyatt group has one hotel in Shanghai which name is Grand Hyatt Shanghai, it is located in the Centre of the Lujiazui concern territory, and occupies 53rd to 87th floors of the Jin Mao Tower edifice ( Hyatt, 2010 ) . Jin Mao Tower edifice is a concern edifice as celebrated in Shanghai as the World Trade Center in New York. There are many 500 luck companies in this edifice, when those large and affluent companies have employees or clients come from other universe to see Shanghai, Hyatt is the first hotel on their list. This is portion of the ground why Grand Hyatt ever has the highest RevPAR ( gross per available room ) in Shanghai. Reversely, incorrect location will take hotels to failure. For illustration, The Ritz-Carlton Lake Las Vegas closed onA May 2, 2010 after several old ages struggle, this was the first clip for the reputable Ritz-Carlton trade name and this negative record will hold necessarily impact on this trade name in the hereafter. Ritz-Carlton Lake Las Vegas locates in the suburb of Las Vegas, though it was a epicurean and high-end resort hotel, people come to Vegas for a much more exciting and lively holiday ( Hernandez, 2010 ) . The following impact of globalization is economic sciences, which is besides really of import. There is merely so much of the market portion a hotel company can acquire by remaining local or in their ain state. Frink ( 2009 ) states that globalization enables hotel companies to spread out their concern to other states to derive extra market portion. The more belongingss the hotel group has, the more clients it might hold, therefore the more chances for them to derive more net income. Frink besides states that many hotel companies go planetary chiefly because they desire to accomplish a larger client base. Ohmae ( 1989 ) claimed that large companies must go more planetary if they want to vie, they must see the whole universe as one individual borderless market place ( as cited in Vignali, 2001 ) . Most large hotel group such as Intercontinental, Marriott, Hilton and Hyatt are lasting even when economic crises come because they have globalized. Harmonizing to Hotels Giants Survey 200 8, Intercontinental has hotel in 100 states, which is the most, followed by Starwood, which has constitutions in 95 states and Accor has hotels in 90 states. A great figure of hotel companies are forced to globalise in order to stay competitory, otherwise they can non last, and they should ever spread out their concern to do advancement and maintain gait with the competition. By and large talking, the more topographic points of concern that a hotel company has, the better opportunities for the hotel company to be successful in the cordial reception industry ( Frink, 2009 ) . In footings of cost economic systems, measure purchasing can ever cut down buying cost, that s why many international hotel companies set up their cardinal procurance section to subscribe planetary contracts with providers and do the centralized purchasingA for their several constitutions in the interim maintain the same criterion. The 3rd impact of globalization on the cordial reception industry is civilization. The universe is a planetary small town and difference topographic points have different civilization and traditions. Frink ( 2009 ) mentioned that globalization makes hotel companies adapt different civilization and change their attacks when they enter a new state. Expansion to a state with wholly different civilization is a large hazard to most hotel companies, they must see the different civilizations in the finish image of the topographic points, what cuisine the locals or indigens have and what types of nutrients are out due to the faith or jurisprudence when they are seeking to sell their merchandises. Frink ( 2009 ) besides mentioned that hotel companies must understand the difference in currency and the difference in linguistic communication. For illustration, Hilton Tokyo Bay Hotel located in Japan can non hold excessively many English talking front office receptionists, who can non talk Nippon ese, in order to function local Nipponese invitees. There must be person there who knows how to talk Nipponese to efficaciously function the invitees. And they will hold local employees who understand the local civilization and talk the native linguistic communication to function the native invitees. Frink indicated that globalization forces companies adapt different cultural positions ; if a company refuses to accommodate it might lose. Globalisation besides brings civilization diverseness to the industry, which is ever a positive thing and it besides brings hotel companies more understanding of the positions of different civilizations, which help them to make better. Besides those above three impacts, Frink ( 2009 ) besides mentioned other impacts, for illustration, globalization in cordial reception industry has created more occupation chances help with the growing and stableness of the cordial reception industry. When hotel companies entered into globalization, it really becomes endurance of the fittest. Strong concerns will last and go stronger and the weak 1s will be eliminated and fade off. Frink ( 2009 ) states that globalization requires seting and rating of assorted factors. Harvey ( 2007 ) indicated that hotel companies need to maintain the same criterion in each and every constitution because client trueness will depend on whether a hotel can present the trade name promise systematically throughout their hotel experience. In the average clip, the companies need to believe appropriate ways to show their merchandises to different civilizations, which means they truly must utilize and equilibrate the standardization and localization of function schemes. Rutihinda A ; Elimimian ( 2002 ) indicated that standardization requires operations with resolute stability, supplying same things in the same manner everyplace, while localization of function demands seting of merchandises and pattern s in every individual topographic point. It is non so easy to equilibrate the two precisely opposite schemes. However, both of them are every bit of import. In another word, hotel companies must believe planetary and act local . This construct is going progressively critical for hotel companies no affair large or little, to stay competitory. The term glocalisation used by Salazar ( 2005 ) absolutely expresses the construct think planetary and act local , it helps one to take clasp of the many interconnectednesss between the standardization and the localization of function schemes. Peters and Frehse ( 2005 ) stated that already in the 1970s international hotel companies tried to utilize standardization scheme in their services with an appropriate consistence in footings of quality. Whitla et Al. ( 2007 ) province that standardization makes a hotel trade name recognizable and that is what people are looking for, the consistence and the predictability particularly for concern travellers. However, Whitla et Al. ( 2007 ) besides mentioned that hotel ironss need to equilibrate the proviso of a standardised degree of service and comfortss with clients gustatory sensations or penchants in some grade of local version. Frink ( 2009 ) found hotel companies, when they decide to globalize into foreign states, are faced with many barriers to get the better of, such as linguistic communication, support, competition, and cultural differences Sometimes it is really difficult for a hotel company to come in a new state, particularly when the new county has a wholly different ci vilization and tradition. For illustration, intoxicant is forbidden in muslin societies, Indians do nt eat beef, gaming is illegal in many states. Whitla et Al. ( 2007 ) believe that version is required for many grounds including consumer involvements, Torahs, civilization and traditions. For case, hotels in western states frequently rely on adjustment grosss to do net income, whereas hotels in Asia count on nutrient charges. Asiatic hotels hence need to concentrate more on offer more and larger restaurant mercantile establishments, aiming local diners every bit good as nightlong foreign invitees. Rutihinda A ; Elimimian ( 2002 ) mentioned that many hotel companies who localised their selling schemes and merchandises have been successful. However, some others fail due to their applications of incorrect execution schemes and insensitiveness to the consumer civilization of the state. Czinkota A ; Ronnenken ( 1995 ) emphasized that glocalisation in the selling programs is indispens able and critical to accommodate local gustatory sensations, to run into particular demands and consumers non-identical demands ( as cited in Vignali, 2001 ) . Besides, some clients, particularly tourers are looking for local spirit in hotels ( Armstrong et al. , 1997 ) , which means hotels design could reflect the finish image ( Hawkins, 2007 ) . In term of this, the celebrated 7-star hotel Burj Al Arab has got great success, the hotel were designed in the form of a billowing Arabian dhow canvas, it represents a important testimonial to the state s navigation heritage ( Jumeirah, neodymium ) . It has already become the icon of Dubai, the finish image of Dubai, and the hotel itself became the tourer attractive force of the state. Besides hotel design, Heide et Al. ( 2007 ) believes hotel atmosphere is besides really of import portion of the glocalisation , because atmosphere is a cardinal success factor that is straight linked to fiscal effects. It is deserving adverting that Human resource direction ( HRM ) besides needs to utilize glocalisation scheme in the cordial reception industry. HRM sections are the spinal column of every organisation ; they must larn and understand the employee rights and Torahs for non merely their place companies, but for all of their constitutions around the universe. Different states have different employee rights and labour Torahs. Frink ( 2009 ) states the cordial reception industry Human resource directors must be really careful of these employee rights and labour Torahs or it could be those hotels 1000000s in mulcts and punishments. Nowadays many hotels are localised in term of staffing. Local staff members know their ain civilization really good and they can talk local linguistic communication to function local invitees while holding multilingual staff is better to function the invitees from all over the universe. Harvey ( 2007 ) mentioned it is ever good to hold staff from different cou nties which brings diverseness, but they have different beliefs, background, imposts and traditions. How to believe planetary and act local when covering civilization differences is a challenge that HR directors need to suppress. Sometimes hotels glocalisation schemes are still non plenty, particularly for the intent to pull leisure invitees. Ghemawat ( 1991 ) stated that when tourers travel to another topographic point to pass a holiday, they want to see difference and seek something new. Otherwise they lose merriment when they stay at the hotel. Nowadays the planetary competitions between hotels are acquiring fiercer ; some hotel companies are utilizing distinction schemes in order to win. Rutihinda A ; Elimimian ( 2002 ) stated that distinction scheme is based on the ability to supply invitees with distinguishable merchandises or services. Ghemawat ( 1991 ) stated that these particular and typical properties make them unique in the eyes of their invitees ( as cited in Rutihinda A ; Elimimian, 2002 ) . For illustration, there is a hotel in America called Dog Bark Park Inn , the hotel looks like a elephantine beagle. Guests slumber and have breakfast in the organic structure of the beagle. For another illustration, in German there is a hotel which name is Alcatraz Hotel , it used to be a prison, the proprietor kept the original spirit of the edifice, so every guestroom is like a cell, and the lavatory is merely following to the bed. Guests besides get striped pyjama alternatively of a normal bath robe which makes them look like captives, the lone difference between this hotel and a existent prison is seem like invitees can go forth it whenever they want. The more particular one is a hotel made of existent ice, it sounds incredible but it is true, it s called the Ice Hotel in Canada, this hotel has become world- celebrated for winter experience. The architecture of the hotel including graphics and furniture carved form ice blocks. Most invitees believe this hotel is astonishing and beautiful and the experience is particular and gratifying. These successful narratives have told us, the hotelkeepers must non merely believe and move glocal , but besides think difference . In decision, Globalisation has become a cardinal issueA for theA cordial reception industry. It is the procedure of hotel companies spread outing their concern or operations to foreign markets, and taking their concern to new highs. This literature reappraisal addressed three impacts ofA globalization on the cordial reception industry including location, economic sciences and civilization. Globalisation enables hotel companies to take locations all over the universe to spread out their concern. If concerns expand, the cordial reception industry will spread out with it. Globalisation helps hotel companies to derive other market portion and therefore derive more net income and cut down buying cost through measure purchasing or centralized buying. Besides globalization besides causes hotel companies to see different civilizations and traditions when they enter a new state and convey civilization diverseness into the industry which is ever a positive thing. When hotel enter into globali zation, they should utilize standardization and localization of function schemes which means they should maintain the same criterion in footings of service and quality while changing their service and merchandise to accommodate to the different civilization and traditions. The construct Thinking planetary and moving local ( or intelligent glocal ) is indispensable for hotel companies development. Besides, utilizing distinction schemes is besides a good manner to go competitory. Differentiation scheme is about supplying invitees with distinguishable merchandises or services. These alone and typical properties make them attractive in the eyes of their invitees.

buy custom The Tragedy of Hamlet essay

buy custom The Tragedy of Hamlet essay The tragedy of Hamlet is an enigma. At one time Hamlet should kill the king but the play portrays him as a failure since he is unable to kill him. Some people argue that Hamlet fails to revenge because his inner feelings do not permit him. He seems to be weak-willed. It could also be that the task placed on his shoulders was too heavy for him. Other critics argue that Shakespeare wanted to show tragedy of a person who is weak-willed and at the same time poorly equipped. Other critics argue that Hamlet fails to kill the king because of the obstacles he comes across as he tries to accomplish his goal. Opposition from the king and his people proves that it was difficult to kill the king at once. These critics believe that Hamlets aim was not to kill the king, but to chastise him and expose him for his guilt. Discussion Two things happen at the end of the tragedy. Hamlet kills the king alongside with four other victims. The audience gets surprised since they did not expect that to happen. Reasons of the killing are so obvious such that the audience has forgotten the initial reason for revenge. People do not hear about the death of Hamlets father in the end of the play. The king getskilled as a result of different reasons from vengeance. The tragedy, therefore, reaches its catastrophe. The kings death, however, gets overshadowed by several immediate causes and several other deaths. These killings are different from other killings that had occurred previously in the tragedy. Most of the previous deaths happened but did not get noticed. The queen also dies and people do not seem to notice. We only see Hamlet biding the farewell. Hamlets death also gets overshadowed and blurred. After his death he is no longer remembered. The tragedy can be explained by two formulas. First, we shall use the formula of the story where Hamlet avenges his fathers death by killing the king. According to the formula of the plot, Hamlet does not kill the king for that reason but for different reasons other than vengeance. This contradiction is a part of the play by Shakespeare who intended to express himself by teasing the audiences emotions. The tragedy fulfills its task set from the beginning, but it keeps on deviating. The audience realizes later that it came from a totally different direction. The reasons that prevented Hamlet from killing the king, led to the death of the king. The catastrophe gets to a point of contradiction when the play gets iinterrupted by irrational events. However, the mystery and obscurity come from the author (Shakespeare 78). Conclusion In conclusion, the plays contradiction revolves around the story, plot and the dramatis personae. These three factors develop differently. Hamlet makes feelings of the audience move to two levels. First, one can see the goal of the tragedy and secondly the digressions also arise. After the kings death, people immediately get attracted by the death of Hamlet, the protagonist. This gives the spectator the understanding of the contradictions and conflicts that existed throughout the play. Different people give different reasons for Hamlets delay or failure to act. Some say that the task given to him was tough for him to tackle. Others believe that Hamlet was a coward, with some other critics arguing that Hamlet was an imaginary person since he had died even long before the start of the play. However, we have found out that it was the authors tactic to bring out the message intended to give it to his audience. He, however, manages to kill the King at the end of the play, though he appear s to have killed him for different reasons rather than vengeance for his fathers death. Buy custom The Tragedy of Hamlet essay

Bbm Project Report

I also declare that this report is original and genuine and has not been submitted to any other University for the award of any Degree, Diploma or other similar titles or purposes. Â  I would like to take this opportunity to thank each and everyone who helped me to complete this project. I express my sincere gratitude and profound thanks. Sainath, Principal and Mr. James Thomas, H. O. D of New Horizon College and all my teaching and non teaching staff for their encouragement throughout the project. I would like to give my sincere thanks to my beloved guide Miss Uma. C. S, Department of Management, New Horizon College for his continuous guidance and support given to me while doing the project. I last but not the least thanks my parents, my friends and all those without whose co-operation I would never be able to complete this project. Management of Bangalore University during the year 2009-2010. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions have been incorporated in the project report and a copy is deposited in the department library. This project work has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements for the award of Bachelors of Business Management Degree.

Voice-overs and Flashback in Film Noir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voice-overs and Flashback in Film Noir - Essay Example One of the stylistic features common to many noir films is the use of extraordinary narrative devices like voice-overs and flashback sequences. These structural elements are included to underscore or otherwise complement thematic elements of the film. Flashbacks too became an effective medium of remembering and recreating the past, another significant activity in psychoanalytic practice. Apart from the psychological dimension, voice-overs could also be used to emphasize the eerie or dark tone of noir films. With the right tone, the narratorial voice could easily intensify the feeling of doom and generally dark settings of the typical noir film. Flashbacks were also useful in creating suspense or experimenting with the narrative flow, allowing for creative use of plot. This paper will seek to further explore the role played by these two specific stylistic devices with reference to three films: Double Indemnity (1944), The Big Sleep (1946) and D.O.A (1950). Double Indemnity has a simil ar opening to D.O.A with the film starting in medias res to reveal a harassed-looking William Neff enter his office room and begin recording his ‘confession’ addressed to Keyes on his Dictaphone.. The confession triggers off the flashback which presumably will explain the events that lead up to the murder that Neff has just confessed to. Interestingly, just a few minutes into this flashback and the confession of Neff also appears as a voice-over superimposed over the past retelling of events. This film employs both devices then, to build-up its atmosphere. The first of the flashbacks serves to describe what can already be seen on the screen, but with added detail like how the room smelled and how the sunlight made the dust visible. More importantly, it allows access to Neff’s mind and his initial impressions of Phyllis Dietrichson. This voice-over and the next also let the audience know the level of engagement with the crime that Neff had at the beginning and how the plan to murder Dietrichson is initiated entirely by his wife. However, the voice-over that marks the return of the narrative from the past back into the present, with Neff still at the Dictaphone, reveals to the audience that Neff too had been thinking about committing murder since as an insurance agent he believes: ‘In this business you can’t sleep for trying to figure out all the tricks they could pull on you.’ Other than tell us about who did what in the murder plot, the voice-overs also give us significant insight into the criminal’s mind – in this case, Walter Neff’s. As said in the introduction, this was a period of great faith in Freudian psychoanalysis and the idea of exploring one’s sub-conscious was quite popular. The Dictaphone-taped ‘confession’ acts as catharsis for expunging guilt. This is especially evident when Walter says that although he knew everything had gone off perfectly he still felt that it co uld all go wrong. He claims to not be able to hear his own footsteps; that he was walking like a ‘dead man.’ This is a classic instance of the psychoanalytic notion of guilt becoming the driving force behind a person’s actions and being the ultimate reason for that person to give himself or herself up. The Big Sleep does not use either voiceovers or flashbacks but there are several silences in the plot where Marlowe is seen tailing or waiting for action to happen, which act as narrative ‘fillers’. Insights into Marlowe’s psyche are not spoken or recounted as clearly as in Double Indemnity but as Marlowe’s character is sketched out to be hard-boiled but honest, what he says in sincerity can be taken by the audience to be true. For instance,

Econmics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Econmics - Essay Example (Ratnovski & Huang, 2009) The authors recognize that there are various factors that have led to the resilience of the banking sector in Canada. To this effect, he has subdivided the paper into two sections dealing with factors that may have contributed to the resilience. In the first section, they identify capitalization, liquidity as well as what funding structure the banks have employed. These are the conditions that existed before the crisis began and they play a major role in the paper to identify some of the strengths of the Canadian banks. To get the real picture, the authors have compared the structure of the Canadian banks with that of other countries in the region. This enables a reader to identify the differences in Canada and other countries, which was the sole reason for the banks being able to withstand the crisis. It is important to understand that these differences may not be the same in each country but, generally, there are structures that are common in the other OECD countries that are not present in Canada. The authors have identified these differences and the reader can be able to understand why the structures are an important part of the banking sector. Still in the first section, the authors explain how capitalization can be a problem to banks whenever a crisis appears. The authors define capitalization and this enables the reader to understand how this aspect of the banking sector plays a role. For simple comparison, the authors define capitalization as the ratio of the net worth of the bank, having subtracted its debts, to its total assets. This definition sets the pace for the reader to catch up with the authors. The article shows the strengths of the Canadian banks with regard to this aspect. The relative strength of the banks is seen as one of the advantages that Canadian banks have over other OECD banks. Liquidity in

Misleading American History Textbooks Research Paper

Misleading American History Textbooks - Research Paper Example On January 2012, the states of Arizona and Alabama banned ethnic studies and over 100 books including Rethinking Columbus and Shakespeare. Biased, political and emotionally charged scenarios were the reasons behind the banning of ethnic studies. This is because the government wants its citizens to believe in what they have propagated and not the actual truth. This is the reason why misleading textbooks continue to grace the curriculum requirements in the United States. According to Yoshino, a study to investigate the relationship between self concept and achievement revealed that students’ math related self concept was positively associated with their achievement. This was the case in two countries Japan and the United States, however, even though students in Japan showcased higher achievement, they were found to have lower math self-concept than American students. This is because of the different cultures that students in the two countries embrace. Despite the fact that other influential factors existed such as the parent’s education and the amount of books that exist in the student’s households, it was found that self concept was positively connected to achievement (119-219). Therefore, the various books that are prescribed to be used in the American curriculum are not really helpful for the American students. In-depth interviews with 42 US Korean high school students brought to light the fact that these students are diversified in the subject of ethnicity. In addition to this, the lack of research on Asian American historical perspectives and inattention to global migration patterns by the American history textbooks. These are key factors to students understanding of history yet they are overlooked. For the American curriculum to bring out the full potential that American students have, they should inculcate all these aspects to the History books that are used (Sohyun, 763). Whatever is contained in the books in use at the moment is all doctored to suit what the American government wants its citizens to know. One Newsweek’s magazine article, How to get Smart again by Ferguson Niall, brings out one interesting fact in that 38 percent of a representative sample of Americans failed the test that immigrants applying for US citizenships are required to take. This is simply a representation of the state that most Americans exist. Most of them do not know much about the history of the country that they call theirs (Ferguson, 1). The contents of various declarations, authors of important papers and the existing presidents at some of the most significant events are haphazardly known. At the same time, only one in four Americans know what the Cold War was all about. This is despite the fact that there are various voluminous History textbooks that students are required to read and most colleges require students to take at least one history course. In addition to this, there is an entire cable television network, the Hi story Channel while some cities have historical museums (Ferguson, 1).The big question is why most Americans know very little

JOHN BUNYAN Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

JOHN BUNYAN - Term Paper Example It was after this experience with the Holy Spirit that he began preaching. However, this was not quite a smooth mission for him as he was imprisoned severally for preaching. John began preaching in Bedford, England, and it was here that he faced all those difficulties in relation to his mission; especially between 1660 and 1672. It was during his term as a prisoner when he wrote a popular classic- Pilgrim’s Progress. In his autography, Bunyan recognized the fact that the devil kept on placing mockeries in his soul. He had a feeling that his sins were not of the type that Jesus Christ died for and that he could only be forgiven if Christ descended from heaven to come and die afresh for his sins. These things tormented him for quite a long time, and that thinking of anyone of them increased his misery (Venables, 79). Although he recognized that Jesus Christ had too much love for him, he thought that He could not be forgivendue his transgressions and unfaithfulness. In addition B unyan himself thought that his sins were beyond bounds of pardon. Worst of all, he never thought that he could ever inherit eternal life, but believed that it was quite easy for the heaven and earth to pass. It was a result of these assaults that he perceived his soul to be more of a broken vessel, hence heading into despair. He even went to an extent of thinking that as far as he was concerned, conditions and promises of the new covenant could turn another way and be changed. John went to disclose that the more he thought about these issues, the more he was overwhelmed with fears, guilt and fright leading to desperation. Bunyan likened his state to that of a man who lived in tombs, always crying and cutting himself with stones (Mark 5:25). It is from this verse of the Bible that Bunyan came to learn that neither desperation nor the old covenant would save him. In addition, both the heaven and earth were bound to pass away, while both the word and the law of grace would fail or be d one away with. It was after recognition of this scripture that Bunyan experienced the goodness of Jesus Christ, got saved and confirmed that scriptures were the Word of God. Before he reached this point, one day as he sat on a bench on a certain street, Bunyan fell asleep and had a vision as though the sun that shone in heaven was against him and it could not shed enough light (Deal, 35). In addition, he saw stones on the street and tiles upon houses bend against him, and all had collaborated to eliminate him from the earth. This meant that he was unfit to live among them and he could not partake of the benefits that they harbored as he had sinned against God in Heaven. From this moment onwards, Bunyan learnt to accept and appreciate everything with thanks giving. At one time they had been commanded to go and besiege a place, but another person was chosen to replace him (Bunyan) even after he had consented. Unfortunately, the solder who replaced him was killed in that battle. Bunyan recognized that these were God’s mercies upon his life. Bunyan came to appreciate God’s divine mercies for saving his life after he fell in an extremely deep pit when he was traveling at night (Horner, 120). He also had the reason to thank God for the divine healing and provision of food, even though he was still a sinner. Bunyan recognized

Analyse how students at the University of Gloucestershire can take Essay

Analyse how students at the University of Gloucestershire can take full advantage of the opportunities offered to develop their employability skills - Essay Example gathered that expectation of employers has shifted from academic result and degree to employability skills such as teamwork, leadership, positive attitude and motivation and relative work experience (Snowden, 2011; Mason, Williams and Cranmer, 2006). The UK job industry is evolving rapidly and drastic change has been observed in demand of skilled workforce in past few years. However, it was observed in surveys that UK universities are making very weak contribution in this regard. It was gathered that 50percent and above surveyed graduates alleged that their universities did not take sufficient measures to develop their employability skills (Weinstein, 2014). The UK universities make yearly contribution of  £59 billion towards the economy and are essentially responsible for generating high skilled workforce, imparting non-academic skills such as innovation and training and raising standard of education (Snowden, 2011). The paper assesses and critically examines the opportunities that are being presented to graduates by University of Gloucestershire for developing their employability skills and recommendations have been provided accordingly. Employability skills are referred to set of attributes that helps individuals to respond accurately to the changing environment of workplace and to make positive contribution towards organisational success and personal growth and development. Employability skills deliver benefits to employers as well as employees and include skills such as self-management, accountability, time management, team working, consumer awareness and awareness of business environment, problem solving, positive attitude, entrepreneurship, communication skill and analytical skill (CBI, 2009; Mason, Williams and Cranmer, 2006). Employers make heavy investment in developing skills among new recruits by means of training and development post joining. However, the level of basic expectations has increased over the years. Presently, they want individuals to

Misleading American History Textbooks Research Paper

Misleading American History Textbooks - Research Paper Example On January 2012, the states of Arizona and Alabama banned ethnic studies and over 100 books including Rethinking Columbus and Shakespeare. Biased, political and emotionally charged scenarios were the reasons behind the banning of ethnic studies. This is because the government wants its citizens to believe in what they have propagated and not the actual truth. This is the reason why misleading textbooks continue to grace the curriculum requirements in the United States. According to Yoshino, a study to investigate the relationship between self concept and achievement revealed that students’ math related self concept was positively associated with their achievement. This was the case in two countries Japan and the United States, however, even though students in Japan showcased higher achievement, they were found to have lower math self-concept than American students. This is because of the different cultures that students in the two countries embrace. Despite the fact that other influential factors existed such as the parent’s education and the amount of books that exist in the student’s households, it was found that self concept was positively connected to achievement (119-219). Therefore, the various books that are prescribed to be used in the American curriculum are not really helpful for the American students. In-depth interviews with 42 US Korean high school students brought to light the fact that these students are diversified in the subject of ethnicity. In addition to this, the lack of research on Asian American historical perspectives and inattention to global migration patterns by the American history textbooks. These are key factors to students understanding of history yet they are overlooked. For the American curriculum to bring out the full potential that American students have, they should inculcate all these aspects to the History books that are used (Sohyun, 763). Whatever is contained in the books in use at the moment is all doctored to suit what the American government wants its citizens to know. One Newsweek’s magazine article, How to get Smart again by Ferguson Niall, brings out one interesting fact in that 38 percent of a representative sample of Americans failed the test that immigrants applying for US citizenships are required to take. This is simply a representation of the state that most Americans exist. Most of them do not know much about the history of the country that they call theirs (Ferguson, 1). The contents of various declarations, authors of important papers and the existing presidents at some of the most significant events are haphazardly known. At the same time, only one in four Americans know what the Cold War was all about. This is despite the fact that there are various voluminous History textbooks that students are required to read and most colleges require students to take at least one history course. In addition to this, there is an entire cable television network, the Hi story Channel while some cities have historical museums (Ferguson, 1).The big question is why most Americans know very little

Analyse how students at the University of Gloucestershire can take Essay

Analyse how students at the University of Gloucestershire can take full advantage of the opportunities offered to develop their employability skills - Essay Example gathered that expectation of employers has shifted from academic result and degree to employability skills such as teamwork, leadership, positive attitude and motivation and relative work experience (Snowden, 2011; Mason, Williams and Cranmer, 2006). The UK job industry is evolving rapidly and drastic change has been observed in demand of skilled workforce in past few years. However, it was observed in surveys that UK universities are making very weak contribution in this regard. It was gathered that 50percent and above surveyed graduates alleged that their universities did not take sufficient measures to develop their employability skills (Weinstein, 2014). The UK universities make yearly contribution of  £59 billion towards the economy and are essentially responsible for generating high skilled workforce, imparting non-academic skills such as innovation and training and raising standard of education (Snowden, 2011). The paper assesses and critically examines the opportunities that are being presented to graduates by University of Gloucestershire for developing their employability skills and recommendations have been provided accordingly. Employability skills are referred to set of attributes that helps individuals to respond accurately to the changing environment of workplace and to make positive contribution towards organisational success and personal growth and development. Employability skills deliver benefits to employers as well as employees and include skills such as self-management, accountability, time management, team working, consumer awareness and awareness of business environment, problem solving, positive attitude, entrepreneurship, communication skill and analytical skill (CBI, 2009; Mason, Williams and Cranmer, 2006). Employers make heavy investment in developing skills among new recruits by means of training and development post joining. However, the level of basic expectations has increased over the years. Presently, they want individuals to

Vulnerable Population in Current Events Essay Example for Free

Vulnerable Population in Current Events Essay Vulnerability comes in different shapes and forms. It applies to different settings and also populations. Vulnerability has two categories; individualize that means a person is vulnerable within a context. The other is a group, because of susceptibility to external or internal factors directly related to a population despite what is occurring with other people or groups (De Chesney, P. 3 2012). Here the focus is on a vulnerable population of obese patients. The article speaks about how health care providers can have stigmatizing attitudes toward obese patients (Malterud Ulriksen, 2011,p. 1). Highlighted factors focus on the barriers the obese population encounters by providers who have made prejudgments on the patients, how it affects the outcome of the care of the patients and what effects it has for their road to recovery. A vulnerable population according to De Chesney (2012) is defined as a group of people at risk of poor physical, psychological or social health. Vulnerability by virtue in status. A group of people who are at risk at any given point relative to another individual or group (p. 4). The obese patients are the vulnerable population because of their genetic predispositions and life circumstances. They are not categorized by their cultural vulnerability but rather due to this similar physical nature. In the article the obese patients faced many barriers, which prevented them from obtaining the resources need. Many of them were viewed as patients who did not take responsibility for their eating habits or did not have the motivation and will power to succeed in their predisposition. Providers view them as the main cause for the obesity and non-improvement. â€Å" A recent review demonstrated that also health care providers endorsed stereotypical assumptions about patients with obesity and attribute obesity to blame† (Malterud Ulriksen, 2011,p. 1). â€Å"The stigmas and prejudgments of the providers and society are seen as exploitation (keeping people down), norm enforcement (keeping people in), and disease avoidance (keeping people away†) (De Chesney, 2011, p. 1). Many of the patients believed their needs were not met as far as caring for their health conditions because many of the doctors were associating every issue, symptoms, or discomfort to their weight. Also many of the obese patients thought they did not have the equal amount of care, time or consideration as other patients because they were believed to be lazy. However, the study also showed providers supportive of the obese patient also feels a sense of discomfort when caring for him or her. A situation, which showed female nurses who believed fat, was unhealthy, and related to coronary heart disease wanted to enforce the importance of weight loss. Many of them did express they felt uncomfortable to do so in fear of insulting the patient or making him or her feel uncomfortable. They had seen the discussion of weight as a sensitive topic. This made them pass on giving the education (Malterud Ulriksen, 2011, p. 4). In experiences during one’s nursing career many situations come to mind when thinking of an obese patient, prejudgment, and stigmas that are related. One can recall a few situations, such as nurses immediately becoming upset because the patient does not fit on the bed. If the patient is admitted the process of calling bed board to bring down a â€Å"Big boy bed to accommodate the large patient seemed to annoy the nurse. Other reasons, such as testing or meeting the needs of comfort for the patient. What seemed to be out of the ordinary routine for their patient the nurses tended to become annoyed and did not realize the patients are very much aware of his or her feelings and stigma toward them. If an obese patient needs different accommodations it is not his or her fault. Should the blame not be placed on the facility for not providing small things such as large gown, larger stretchers, and easier ways of transportation for the larger patients. Society decided to place a label on a patient who may not have control over his or her size and has enforced it to apply to the country. The only way this problem will improve if it starts with the health care system and providers. In conclusion the vulnerable population of obese patients need to be cared for by providers who have empathy toward them. It is important to the patients care and does not add stress to an already difficult situation (Malterud Ulriksen, 2011). They need to support the patients and provide them with other avenues and build on the confidence need to succeed. The stigmatization needs to end and not incorporate it into the care. According to Malterud and Ulriksen (2011) â€Å"Existing research indicates that such attitudes may actually increase the maladaptive eating behaviors, exercise avoidance and in some cases reduce motivation to lose weight.† (p. 10). Therefore, health care professional who have obese patients to care for are the first line of defense to brake the bad habits and stigmas associated with obesity. A provider has to recognize the effort their patients have tried to make in managing their weight issues (Malterud Ulriksen, 2011). References De Chesney, M. (2012). Caring for the Vulnerable: Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice and Research, 3e. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Malterud, K., Ulriksen, K. (2011). Obesity, stigma, and responsibility in health care: A synthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 6(4), 1-11. Retrieved from http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstractid=880959q1=vulnerable%20patientf1=allb1=orq2=caring%20for%20vulnerable%20ptatientsf2=allrecNo=1uiLanguage=en

Product Success Is Not A Reliable Indicator Business Essay

Product Success Is Not A Reliable Indicator Business Essay The report highlights the importance of different factors that contribute to the success of a company and strengthens its foundation. It draws insight on product success that is given an important consideration in terms of companys future growth and revenue generation. It is an essential pre-requisite for a companys strength. It contribution is vital towards the success of a company but it is not considered as a reliable indicator as various other factors play a greater and crucial role in determining companys strength. The strength of a company lies in those indicators which have the power to govern change and sustain its competitive advantage in the long run. There are various indicators which have been changing with the course of time and changing needs of business environment. These indicators are viewed different by various scholars. Thus, enriching there interaction in a company. The term reliability is the measure of consistency of different indicators that are devised in a company structure to overcome competitive threats and have a grab on opportunities. It can be correlated to business acumen and its knowledge. A great deal of business success depends on generating new knowledge and on having the capabilities to react quickly and intelligently to this new knowledge . . . (Richard Rumelt, 1996). The products of a company play a significant role in generation of revenue but the essential indicators are the factors leading to the creation of the product in accordance with the market demand and consumer needs. The firm specific knowledge plays a crucial role in exploiting the available resources to have a competitive advantage and contribute to companys strength. An essential feature of strategy or more specifically innovation strategy should be directed towards accumulation of such firm specific knowledge. Ives et al. (1998), for instance, trace the history of knowledge management back to the ancient Sumerian civilization where cuneiform archives served to record knowledge for future generations. Modern management tends to focus on controlling, centralising and standardising knowledge which reduces the marginal cost of knowledge by economies of scale. It is argued whether knowledge management represents an extension or departure from these tendencies. The conversion of tacit into explicit knowledge and storing it is lined up with such tendencies. The new technology integrates knowledge in the organisation. It opens up new opportunities for knowledge creation and transfer beyond the more traditional means of face-to-face interaction, mentoring, job rotation and staff development (Alavi and Leidner, 1997). IBMs Larry Prusak says, knowledge is both an asset and a process of acting knowledgeable. Knowledge management is the process of continually managing knowledge of all kinds to meet existing and emerging needs, to identify and exploit existing and acquired knowledge assets and to develop new opportunities (Quintas et al., 1997). The knowledge management programmes have coheren ce across a number of dimensions, including organisational structure and culture, people aspects, process and technology (Quintas et al., 1997 p387). Harry Scarbrough (1998) points that managing knowledge is not easy as it are often sticky and tacit. It cant be extracted from its context. He raises human relation issues such as staff will resist being treated as a moveable asset. It is further argued that knowledge itself appears in a number of different guises according to context: intellectual capital (e.g. Bontis, 1998; Roos et al, 1998); knowledge assets (Boisot, 1998; Teece, 1998); workplace and organisational capital (Adler and Cole, 1993; Argyris, 1992). The formulation of an innovation strategy having the ability to cope up with an external environment that is considered to be complex and ever changing, with consequent uncertainty about present and future advancements in technology, competition challenges and market demands may prove to strengthen companys business tactics in the long run. It is argued that the distinction between approaches i.e. choice and implementation breaks down when firms decision are made in complex and fast changing environments. The rational approach to innovative strategies dominance is believed to be less effective than the incremental approach which lays emphasis on changing needs in the light of new information, learning and understanding that is consciously obtained. The nature of the competitive threats and opportunities that emerge from advances in technology rightly stress the importance of developing and protecting firm-specific technology in order to enable firms to enable themselves against the c ompetition (Porter, 1980). It is argued that Porters approach underestimates the power of technology to change the course of the competion by transforming industrial structures and overestimates the organisational competencies to exploit them. It is very difficult (but not impossible e.g. the case of Nokia) for a manufacturing traditional textiles to have an innovation strategy to develop and make computers (Patel, P. and Pavitt, K., 1998). The product success is not a reliable indicator because when the product enters the market its reliability and validity depends on the market forces and competition and both of them are based on uncertainties. A firms technological innovation requires complementary assets to produce and deliver new products and services. Prior commercialisation activities require and enable firms to build such complementarities (Teece, 1986b). New products and processes can either enhance or destroy the value of such assets (Tushman et al., 1986). For example: IBMs direct sales increased with the development of computers, while disk brakes were rendered useless as auto industries invested in drum brakes. Further ample evidences are available for a given type of competence (e.g. quality) which can be supported or manufactured by different routines and combination of skills. Garvin (1998) and Clark and Fujimoto (1991) studies both indicate that there was no one formula for achieving either high quality or high product development process. There is a firm competition between firms on the basis of product design, quality, process efficiency and other attributes. It is pointed that firms are constantly seeking to create new combination, and rivals are continuously attempting to improve their competencies or to imitate the competence of their most qualified competitors (Schumpeter, 1934). Such processes drive the destruction of product creativity. The focus is on the dynamic capabilities of firms which provides a coherent framework to integrate existing and empirical knowledge, and facilitate prescription (Teece, D. and Pisano,G., 1994). What depicts the strength of a company in global market is not its products success but demonstration of firms timely responsiveness and rapid and flexible product innovation, integration of management capabilities to effectively coordinate and redeploy internal and external competences. It is offered as an emerging paradigm of a business firm. It tries to facilitate a prescription by integration of existing conceptual and empirical knowledge. It is an indicator which provides competitive advantage to firm rooted in their high performance routines, processes and continued by history. They are built as they cant be brought from a market place. The very essence of capabilities/competencies is that they cant be readily assembled through markets (Teece, 1982, 1986a; Kogut and Zander, 1992). Resear chers (Doz and Shuen, 1989; Mody, 1990) have pointed that collaboration and partnership can be vehicles for new organisational learning, helping firms to recognize dysfunctional routines, and preventing strategic blind spots. This concept of dynamic capabilities opens the door to inter-organisational learning. Leonard Barton (1992) finds that the organisational core capabilities can easily create core rigidities. That is, opportunity for learning will be close in to previous activities and thus will be transaction and production specific (Teece, 1988). Porter (1980) describes two market strategies: innovation leadership and innovation followership. The initial one is concerned with those firms which attempt to introduce a new product to gain a technological lead and temporary monopoly profits whereas the latter tries to initiate the market pioneer by reverse engineering. It is argued that the survival and growth in the firms succeed or fail in their innovations, whether offensive or defensive. For a firm to survive and grow in competition, it must be capable of adapting its technologically based strategy to this competition. The introduction of a new product in any industry poses a threat to older products and processes by turning them obsolete or uneconomic. It has been inferred that core competencies play a vital role in companys strength. Managers will be judged on their ability to identify, cultivate and exploit the core competencies that make growth possible (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994).In the long run competitiveness derives from an ability to build at lower cost and more speedily than competitors, the core competencies that spawn unanticipated products. The real sources of competitive advantage are to be found in managements ability to consolidate corporate wide technologies and production skills into competencies that empower individual businesses to adapt quickly to changing opportunities(Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). The validity of this statement still holds its firm position in the mainstay thinking of todays firms. Core competence leads to the harmonisation of a number of related skills which starts building up an intelligent organisation. The competence base should be strong and should be managed properly. It should not be overlo oked. The core product of a company is the crux of an end product.For example: Cannon has 84% share in laser printer engines but miniscule laser printer share.It has built its core competence in engines rather than printers through continuous feedback from customers. It has been able to manage low risk, low cost and reduction in lead time by focusing on its competencies. In conclusion, a well-crafted strategy can lead a company to be a pioneer firm in the market if it possesses the ability to convert intellectual leadership into market leadership and be ahead of their rivals. The foresight of the rising opportunities plays a vital role in gaining a competitive advantage. Core competence and dynamic capabilities holds the key to exploit opportunities and are intriguing assets which are built with time. By getting hold of such opportunities a company can capture royalties, market reputation, customer lock-in, vast distribution network and set or define rules for other companies to compete, as Sony did in portable audio products and Intel has done in microprocessors. The key to innovation is stability.The focus of a company should be on organisational stewardship and stability rather than short-term profit fixation which can be gained from the success of one product.